Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The typical hydrofluoric acid (HF) alkylation unit requires far less acid than a sulfuric acid unit to achieve the same volume of alkylate. The HF process only creates a small amount of organofluorine side products which are continuously removed from the reactor and the consumed HF is replenished.
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and aluminium chloride (AlCl 3) are the two major catalysts for the alkylation of benzene with linear mono-olefins. The HF-based process is commercially dominant; however, the risk of releasing HF (a poisonous substance) into the environment became a concern particularly after the Clean Air Act Amendment. In 1995, a solid ...
The process involves dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using HF as catalyst. For example, in oil refineries "alkylate", a component of high- octane petrol ( gasoline ), is generated in alkylation units, which combine C 3 and C 4 olefins and iso -butane .
Because, however, the product ketone forms a rather stable complex with Lewis acids such as AlCl 3, a stoichiometric amount or more of the "catalyst" must generally be employed, unlike the case of the Friedel–Crafts alkylation, in which the catalyst is constantly regenerated. [13] Reaction conditions are similar to the Friedel–Crafts ...
It is operated by HF Sinclair and is one of the largest employers in Skagit County. [3] The refinery has a capacity of 145,000 barrels a day, [4] making it the 52nd largest in the United States, in 2015, with facilities that include a delayed coker, fluid catalytic cracker, polymerization unit and alkylation units. HF Sinclair’s refinery ...
Similalrly, Hf(OTf) 4 shows excellent activity in Friedel-Crafts alkylation’s, and enabled the alkylation of benzene with benzylic and tertiary alkyl chlorides. Hf(OTf) 4-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation has been utilized in the total synthesis of the altertoxin III framework. This approach provided a more efficient synthesis of the fused ...
Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites. Strong acids catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of esters, e.g. for processing fats into biodiesel. In ...