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Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains.These chains are held together by disulfide bonds.The arrangement or processes that put together different parts of this antibody molecule play important role in antibody diversity and production of different subclasses or classes of antibodies.
The RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex recognizes the heptamer sequences flanking the V and J coding regions and nicks their 5' end, releasing the intervening DNA between the V and J coding regions. [1] In the heavy-chain coding region of DNA, the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex recognizes the RSSs flanking the D and J segments and brings them together, forming ...
D-to-J recombination occurs first in the β-chain of the TCR. This process can involve either the joining of the D β 1 gene segment to one of six J β 1 segments or the joining of the D β 2 gene segment to one of six J β 2 segments. [3] DJ recombination is followed (as above) with V β-to-D β J β rearrangements.
Handbook of Experimental Immunology. Vol. 1. Immunochemistry (4th ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific. pp. 32.1 – 32.50. ISBN 9780632014996 at Google Books "Ouchterlony Analysis" (PDF). Medical Immunology 544. University of California, Irvine College of Medicine. Fall 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07
In phase one, effector CTLs are generated from CTL precursors. The CTL precursors include naive T c cells since they are incapable of killing target cells. After a precursor cell has been activated, it can then differentiate into a functional CTL with cytotoxic activity.
[6] The IgG, IgE and IgA antibody isotypes are generated following class-switching during germinal centre reaction and provide different effector functions in response to specific antigens. IgG is the most abundant antibody class in the serum and it is divided into 4 subclasses based on differences in the structure of the constant region genes ...
In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. The concept was introduced by Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet in 1957, in an attempt to explain the great diversity of antibodies formed during initiation of the immune response .
In immunology, central tolerance (also known as negative selection) is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself. [1] Through elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack self peptides. [2]