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Control may be grouped according to three general classifications: [3] the nature of the information flow designed into the system (open- or closed-loop control) the kind of components included in the design (man or machine control systems) the relationship of control to the decision process (organizational or operational control).
Operational risk management (ORM) is defined as a continual recurring process that includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and the implementation of risk controls, resulting in the acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk.
Internal control is a key element of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, which required improvements in internal control in United States public corporations. Internal controls within business entities are also referred to as operational controls. The main controls in place are sometimes ...
Systems that process operational data (including electronic, telecommunications, computer systems and technical components) are included under the term operational technology. OT systems can be required to control valves, engines, conveyors and other machines to regulate various process values, such as temperature, pressure, flow, and to ...
Security controls can also be classified according to the implementation of the control (sometimes termed control categories), for example: Physical controls - e.g. fences, doors, locks and fire extinguishers; Procedural or administrative controls - e.g. incident response processes, management oversight, security awareness and training;
The objectives of ITGCs are to ensure the proper development and implementation of applications, as well as the integrity of programs, data files, and computer operations. The most common ITGCs: Logical access controls over infrastructure, applications, and data. System development life cycle controls. Program change management controls.
ITGC includes controls over the hardware, system software, operational processes, access to programs and data, program development and program changes. IT application controls refer to controls to ensure the integrity of the information processed by the IT environment.
Operations management textbooks usually cover demand forecasting, even though it is not strictly speaking an operations problem, because demand is related to some production systems variables. For example, a classic approach in dimensioning safety stocks requires calculating the standard deviation of forecast errors.