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Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma can develop in soft tissues throughout the body; however, it is commonly found in the "head and neck area or in the genital or urinary organs" [5] [13] The botryoid variant of ERMS occurs in mucosal-lined organs such as the common bile duct, bladder, and vagina. [9]
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type and comprises about 60% of cases. [11] Outcomes vary considerably, with five-year survival rates between 35 and 95%, depending on the type of RMS involved, so clear diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and management. [11] [12]
Sarcoma botryoides or botryoid sarcoma [1] is a subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, that can be observed in the walls of hollow, mucosa lined structures such as the nasopharynx, common bile duct, urinary bladder of infants and young children or the vagina in females, typically younger than age 8.
Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma is usually treated with chemotherapy, surgery, and sometimes radiotherapy. [22] Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma patients have a 50–85% long term survival rate. [23] Osteosarcoma is a cancer of the bone that is treated with surgical resection of as much of the cancer as possible, often along with chemotherapy. [24]
Soft-tissue sarcomas commonly originate in the upper body, in the shoulder or upper chest. Some symptoms are uneven posture, pain in the trapezius muscle, and cervical inflexibility [difficulty in turning the head]. [12] The most common site to which soft-tissue sarcoma spreads is the lungs. [13]
Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma first described by Cavazzana, Schmidt and Ninfo in 1992. [1] This subtype has a more favorable clinical course and prognosis than usual embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma .
When found histologically, a rhabdomyoblast aids the diagnosis of embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas; however, in a tumor, expression of the rhabdomyoblast phenotype is not the only factor in diagnosing a rhabdomyosarcoma. [2] [3] Mesenchymal malignancies can exhibit this phenotype as well. [3]
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a subtype of the rhabdomyosarcoma family of soft tissue cancers whose lineage is from mesenchymal cells and are related to skeletal muscle cells. [1] ARMS tumors resemble the alveolar tissue in the lungs . [ 1 ]