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Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
DMPX (3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine) is a caffeine analog which displays affinity for A 2 adenosine receptors, in contrast to the A 1 subtype receptors. [1] DMPX had 28 times and 15 times higher potency than caffeine in blocking, respectively, the peripheral and central effects of the adenosine agonist NECA.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on caffeine. Caffeine ... LD 50 (median dose) 192 mg/kg (rat, oral) [3] Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0405 This ...
Urinary metabolites of caffeine in humans at 48 hours post-dose [184] Caffeine from coffee or other beverages is absorbed by the small intestine within 45 minutes of ingestion and distributed throughout all bodily tissues. [185] Peak blood concentration is reached within 1–2 hours. [186] It is eliminated by first-order kinetics. [187]
Caffeine can be used as a probe for three different enzymes by measuring several of its urinary metabolites and comparing their relative concentrations. The 'Cooperstown 5 + 1 cocktail', [ 2 ] in addition to the four drug probes mentioned above, incorporates warfarin as well.
Some patients request to be switched to a different narcotic due to stigma associated with a particular drug (e.g. a patient refusing methadone due to its association with opioid addiction treatment). [4] Equianalgesic charts are also used when calculating an equivalent dosage of the same drug, but with a different route of administration.
There is no standard value for "a cup of coffee." The caffeine content of cola drinks and most energy drinks can be difficult to determine, because in many cases the labels do not indicate the dose per serving. Caffeine doses in these beverages range from 20 to 30 mg in some soft drinks, up to 350 mg or more in some energy drinks.
Caffeine can cause a physical dependence, if consumed in excessive amounts. [3] The need for caffeine can be identified when individuals feel headaches, fatigue and muscle pain 24 hours after their last energy drink. [4] Some commercially distributed drinks contain guarana, a South American berry with a caffeine content about twice that of ...