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In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (/ ˈ ɪ m r æ d /) (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) [1] is a common organizational structure for the format of a document. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature.The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations.
This field is central to much quantitative research that is undertaken within the social sciences. Quantitative research may involve the use of proxies as stand-ins for other quantities that cannot be directly measured. Tree-ring width, for example, is considered a reliable proxy of ambient environmental conditions such as the warmth of growing ...
Quantitative analysis also takes a deductive approach. [8] Examples of content-analytical variables and constructs can be found, for example, in the open-access database DOCA. This database compiles, systematizes, and evaluates relevant content-analytical variables of communication and political science research areas and topics.
In the 2000s, prestigious journals such as Nature began requiring authors to provide information about what their contributions were, [12] but there was no widely-used or machine-readable standard for this. In 2012, a draft taxonomy was created at a workshop held at Harvard involving biomedical scientists, publishers, and research funders.
Postprints are variously referred to by different publishers as pre-proofs, author's original version and variations of these. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] After typesetting by a journal, authors will often be provided with proofs (the draft of the final formatting) and finally the version that is published is called the published/publisher's version .
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
A platform for rapid author-led publication and open peer review of research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation >100 2017 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: HAL [13] Multidisciplinary: Open archive for scholarly documents from all academic fields >1,00,000 2001 Centre pour la communication scientifique directe: HRB Open Research: Medicine