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Z-value is a term used in microbial thermal death time calculations. It is the number of degrees the temperature has to be increased to achieve a tenfold (i.e. 1 log 10) reduction in the D-value. The D-value of an organism is the time required in a given medium, at a given temperature, for a ten-fold reduction in the number of organisms.
Log reduction is a measure of how thoroughly a decontamination process reduces the concentration of a contaminant.It is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of the levels of contamination before and after the process, so an increment of 1 corresponds to a reduction in concentration by a factor of 10.
Hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP (/ ˈ h æ s ʌ p / [1]), is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measures to reduce these risks to a safe level.
In microbiology, in the context of a sterilization procedure, the D-value or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is the time (or dose of an antimicrobial drug) required, at a given condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a one-log reduction, that is, to kill 90% of relevant microorganisms. [1]
In 2011, British Poultry Council members, representing 90% of the UK poultry meat industry, formed a stewardship programme that started recording antibiotics used to treat birds in the poultry meat sector in 2012. The first report was published in 2016 and reported a 44% reduction in antibiotic use between 2012 and 2015. [140]
meat ham [2] Enterococcus faecalis: bacterium: soy miso [2] Enterococcus faecalis: bacterium: vegetable pickle [2] Enterococcus faecalis: bacterium: meat sausage: Enterococcus faecalis: bacterium: soy sauce [2] Enterococcus faecium: bacterium: cheese [12] Enterococcus faecium: bacterium: meat ham [2] Enterococcus faecium: bacterium: soy miso [2 ...
The USDA reports that the United States is the "world's largest producer and second largest exporter of poultry meat." In 2010, it produced 36.9 billion pounds of broiler meat and exported 6.8 billion pounds of broiler meat. This equates to an estimated retail value of 45 billion dollars in 2010. [26]
The target of reduction in canning is the 12-D reduction of C. botulinum, which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by a factor of 10 12. The D R for C. botulinum is 0.21 minute (12.6 seconds). A 12-D reduction will take 2.52 minutes (151 seconds).