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These two examples show that an electrical potential and a chemical potential can both give the same result: A redistribution of the chemical species. Therefore, it makes sense to combine them into a single "potential", the electrochemical potential , which can directly give the net redistribution taking both into account.
Thus the chemical potential of HA decreases and the sum of the chemical potentials of H + and A − increases. When the sums of chemical potential of reactants and products are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction.
An atom or ion that gives up an electron to another atom or ion has its oxidation state increase, and the recipient of the negatively charged electron has its oxidation state decrease. For example, when atomic sodium reacts with atomic chlorine, sodium donates one electron and attains an oxidation state of +1. Chlorine accepts the electron and ...
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since Δ r G o = -n F E o , the electrode potential is a representation of the Gibbs energy change for the given reduction.
In this article, the terms conduction-band referenced Fermi level or internal chemical potential are used to refer to ζ. Example of variations in conduction band edge E C in a band diagram of GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction-based high-electron-mobility transistor.
At a real surface the potential is influenced by image charges and the formation of surface dipoles and it rather looks as indicated by the dashed line. Given the potential in Figure 1, it can be shown that the one-dimensional single-electron Schrödinger equation gives two qualitatively different types of solutions. [4]
Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
The ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy that an electron in a gaseous atom or ion has to absorb to come out of the influence of the attracting force of the nucleus. It is also referred to as ionization potential. The first ionization energy is the amount of energy that is required to remove the first electron from a neutral atom.