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Political globalization is the intensification and expansion of political interrelations around the globe. [2] Aspects of political globalization include the modern- nation state system and its changing place in today's world, the role of global governance , and the direction of our global political systems.
Scholars critical of global capitalism (and its global ecological and inequality crises) have argued instead for a transnationalism from below between workers and co-operatives as well as popular social and political movements. [8] Transnationalism as concept, theory and experience has nourished an important literature in social sciences.
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. [1] This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet , popular culture media, and international travel .
First and foremost, cultural relations are conducted through the enormous range of non-state actors engaged transnationally. The range includes cities, global civil society, educational institutions, cultural and arts organisations, research institutes, corporations and businesses, even down to individuals who can engage via the Internet.
Salvatore Babones discussing sources used by scholars for studying political globalization noted the usefulness of Europa World Year Book for data on diplomatic relationships between countries, publications of International Institute for Strategic Studies such as The Military Balance for matters of military, and US government publication Patterns of Global Terrorism for matters of terrorism.
Cultural economics is the branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes. Here, 'culture' is defined by shared beliefs and preferences of respective groups. Programmatic issues include whether and how much culture matters as to economic outcomes and what its relation is to institutions. [1]
However, changes and advancements in economic relationships, political systems, and technological options began to break down old cultural barriers. Business transformed from individual-country capitalism to global capitalism. Thus, the study of cross-cultural communication was originally found within businesses and government, both seeking to ...
understanding the global business environment—that is, the interconnections of cultural, political, legal, economic, and ethical systems; exploring basic concepts underlying international finance, management, marketing, and trade relations; and; identifying forms of business ownership and international business opportunities.