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Oil traders, Houston, 2009 Nominal price of oil from 1861 to 2020 from Our World in Data. The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel (159 litres) of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil ...
The terms "jojoba oil" and "jojoba wax" are often used interchangeably because the wax visually appears to be a mobile oil, but as a wax it is composed almost entirely (~97%) of mono-esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols (isopropyl jojobate), accompanied by only a tiny fraction of triglyceride esters. This composition accounts for its ...
Attock Petroleum started its operations in 1998 and is third largest oil marketing company in Pakistan as of 2018. [5] [2] In 2005, Attock was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, following an initial public offering at a strike price of PKR 57.75. [6] [7]
Hydrogenated jojoba oil is a hard, crystalline wax ester. The melting point is 68-70 °C and the iodine value is < 2.0, making it one of the very few commercially available, high-melting-point wax esters of botanical origin. Hydrogenated jojoba oil is relatively colourless and odourless. Hydrogenated jojoba oil contains no trans isomers.
PEG-150 hydrogenated jojoba is an ethoxylated version of fully hydrogenated jojoba wax and the most water soluble form of jojoba available. This versatile emollient functions as a secondary emulsifier and provides viscosity adjustments in hair care formulas and fragrance oil solubilization in aqueous solutions.
At its peak during 1986, the field was producing approximately 2,400 barrel of oil per day. It has grown steadily since then, producing both oil and, to a lesser degree, natural gas. [3] Oil production was entirely confined to the Punjab till 1981, when Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower ...
Isopropyl jojobate is the isopropyl ester of the unfractionated saponification product of jojoba oil. It consists of a mixture of jojoba alcohols and the esters of isopropyl alcohol and jojoba acids. There are typically also unsaponified wax esters present in isopropyl jojobate.
The resulting complex, named Pakistani Oil Refinery, commenced operations in 1964. [6] It was inaugurated by Muhammad Ayub Khan, then President of Pakistan. The design capacity of the refinery was 1 million tons of crude oil per annum but was increased to 2.1 million tons per annum later. [4] [3]