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An expression if a then b else c or a ? b : c evaluates to b if the value of a is true, and otherwise to c. One can read it aloud as "if a then b otherwise c". The form a ? b : c is the most common, but alternative syntax do exist; for example, Raku uses the syntax a ?? b !! c to avoid confusion with the infix operators ? and !, whereas in ...
var x1 = 0; // A global variable, because it is not in any function let x2 = 0; // Also global, this time because it is not in any block function f {var z = 'foxes', r = 'birds'; // 2 local variables m = 'fish'; // global, because it wasn't declared anywhere before function child {var r = 'monkeys'; // This variable is local and does not affect the "birds" r of the parent function. z ...
In several languages, such as Common Lisp, Clojure, Lua, Object Pascal, Python, Ruby, and JavaScript, there is no need for the Elvis operator, because the language's logical disjunction operator (typically || or or) is short-circuiting and returns the its first operand if it would evaluate to a truthy value, and otherwise its second operand ...
For example, JavaScript's loose equality rules can cause equality to be intransitive (i.e., a == b and b == c, but a != c), or make certain values be equal to their own negation. [ 2 ] A strict equality operator is also often available in those languages, returning true only for values with identical or equivalent types (in PHP, 4 === "4" is ...
c = a + b In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also ...
Objective-C also has a separate Boolean data type BOOL, with possible values being YES or NO, equivalents of true and false respectively. [6] Also, in Objective-C compilers that support C99, C's _Bool type can be used, since Objective-C is a superset of C.
The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
In these three, sequence types (C arrays, Java arrays and lists, and Lisp lists and vectors) are indexed beginning with the zero subscript. Particularly in C, where arrays are closely tied to pointer arithmetic, this makes for a simpler implementation: the subscript refers to an offset from the starting position of an array, so the first ...