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  2. Kinetic theory of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

    To calculate the velocity distribution of particles hitting this small area, we must take into account that all the particles with (,,) that hit the area within the time interval are contained in the tilted pipe with a height of ⁡ and a volume of ⁡ (); Therefore, compared to the Maxwell distribution, the velocity distribution will have an ...

  3. Gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

    Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

  4. Atmospheric escape - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape

    One classical thermal escape mechanism is Jeans escape, [1] named after British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first described this process of atmospheric loss. [2] In a quantity of gas, the average velocity of any one molecule is measured by the gas's temperature, but the velocities of individual molecules change as they collide with one another, gaining and losing kinetic energy.

  5. Ideal gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas

    An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions. [1] The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law , a simplified equation of state , and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics .

  6. 3 Winter Sleep Problems & How to Fix Them - AOL

    www.aol.com/3-winter-sleep-problems-fix...

    Winter brings less daylight and colder temperatures, which can disrupt sleep. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is more common in winter due to the lack of sunlight, causing sleep disturbances.

  7. Ideal gas law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law

    Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...

  8. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Simple illustration of particles in the solid state – they are closely packed to each other. In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a ...

  9. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometres without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind ...