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On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah of Iran issued a decree known as Kashf-e hijab (also Romanized as Kashf-e hijāb and Kashf-e hejāb, Persian: کشف حجاب, lit. 'Unveiling') banning all Islamic veils (including hijab and chador ), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented.
Reza Shah Pahlavi [3] [a] (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Originally a military officer, he became a politician, serving as minister of war and prime minister of Iran, and was elected shah following the deposition of the last monarch of the Qajar dynasty.
Veiling had been abolished in the Kashf-e hijab of 1936 during the reign of Reza Shah, and for a period of five years, veiling had been banned.From 1941 onward, under Reza Shah's son and successor Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, women had been free to dress as they wished. [2]
Kashf-e hijab was relaxed in 1941 under Reza Shah's heir, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi; the wearing of a headscarf or chador was no longer an offence and women were able to dress as they wished. [36] However, hijab was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class.
In 1936, Reza Shah Pahlavi set the mandatory unveiling of women known as Kashf-e hijab – a highly controversial policy which caused many conservative women to simply stay inside the house rather than go out in a veil and be subjected to harassment from the police, but also caused desegregation in some sectors of society. [8]
Considered the founding father of modern Iran by contemporary historians, Army General Reza Shah Pahlavi replaced Islamic laws with western ones, and forbade traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes and veiling of women . [5] Women who resisted his ban on public hijab had their chadors forcibly removed and
Queen Tadj ol-Molouk in 1937. On 15 December 1925, her spouse declared himself Shahanshah (King of Kings), and she was granted the title Maleke (Queen).. Privately, Tadj ol-Molouk did not live with Reza Shah at this point, as he reportedly devoted his time to his other wives, Turan Amirsoleimani, and, from 1923, Esmat Dowlatshahi.
The event occurred in response to the de-Islamization activities by Reza Shah in 1935. [2] Responding to a cleric, [citation needed] who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, westernizing, corruption, and heavy consumer taxes, many merchants and locals took refuge in the shrine, chanted slogans such as "The Shah is a new Yazid," likening him to the Umayyad caliph.