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Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a person without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [ 2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [ 2] however, it increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, depression, and of needing a Caesarean section. [ 2] Babies born to individuals with poorly treated ...
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
Pregnancy. Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and ...
Intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ), or fetal growth restriction, is the poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during pregnancy. IUGR is defined by clinical features of malnutrition and evidence of reduced growth regardless of an infant's birth weight percentile. [ 5] The causes of IUGR are broad and may involve maternal, fetal, or ...
These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior, the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, metabolism including increases in blood sugar levels, kidney function, posture, and breathing. During pregnancy numerous hormones and proteins are secreted that also have a broad range of effects.
While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality. [1] [2] [3] Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
The first signs of HELLP usually start appearing midway through the third trimester, though the signs can appear in earlier and later stages. [6] It is highly associated with known pre-eclampsia. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include older age, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
Gravidity and parity. In biology and medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a female has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). [ 1][ 2] These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. [ 3]