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The Urdu alphabet ( Urdu: اردو حروفِ تہجی, romanized : urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which itself is derived from the Arabic script. It has official status in the republics of Pakistan, India and South Africa.
ISO 639 is a standardized nomenclature used to classify languages. [ 1] Each language is assigned a two-letter (set 1) and three-letter lowercase abbreviation (sets 2–5). [ 2] Part 1 of the standard, ISO 639-1 defines the two-letter codes, and Part 3 (2007), ISO 639-3, defines the three-letter codes, aiming to cover all known natural ...
The dictionary contains 157,000 combinations and derivatives, and 169,000 phrases and combinations, making a total of over 600,000 word-forms. [ 37][ 38] A dictionary of orthography. Contains 253,000 entries (253,000 words). [ 44][ 45] Nine volumes of this dictionary were printed in years 1935–1957.
from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal. Maharaja. from Hindi and Sanskrit: A great king. Mantra. from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation. Masala. from Urdu, to refer to Indian flavoured spices.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Urdu ( / ˈʊərduː /; اُردُو, Urdu: [ʊɾduː] ⓘ; ALA-LC:Urdū) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. [10] [11] It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, where it is also an official language alongside English. [12]
In 1977, the Board published the first edition of Urdu Lughat, a 22-volume comprehensive dictionary of the Urdu language. The dictionary had 20,000 pages, including 220,000 words. In 2009, Pakistani feminist poet Fahmida Riaz was appointed as the Chief Editor of the Board. In 2010, the Board publiushed one last edition Urdu Lughat.
Shahmukhi (Punjabi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth '; Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
At the beginning of a word, the letter ا (alif) represents the vowel /a/, e.g., اسپه áspa ' mare '. [3] In the middle or end of a word, ا represents the long vowel /ɑ/ which is following a consonant (e.g., کال kāl ' year ', and نيا nyā ' grandmother '). [4] [5] At the beginning of a word, the letter alif can also be used ...