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  2. School of Diplomacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy

    e. The School of Diplomacy ( simplified Chinese: 纵 横 家; traditional Chinese: 縱橫家; pinyin: Zōng héng Jiā ), or the School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances was a political and diplomatic clique during the Warring States period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). According to the Book of Han, the school was one of the Nine Schools ...

  3. Geodetic datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum

    A vertical datum is a reference surface for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth features including terrain, bathymetry, water level, and human-made structures. An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84 , an ellipsoid , whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least ...

  4. Page orientation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_orientation

    Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape. [ 1] The term "portrait orientation" comes from visual art terminology and describes the dimensions used to capture a person's face and upper body in a picture; in such images, the height ...

  5. Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    In the standard language ( 표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.

  6. Flag of Indonesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia

    The national flag of Indonesia is a simple bicolor with two horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom) with an overall ratio of 2:3. [1] It was introduced and hoisted in public during the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945 at 56 Proklamasi Street (formerly Pegangsaan Timur Street) in Jakarta, and again when the Dutch formally transferred sovereignty on 27 December 1949.

  7. Vertical and horizontal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal

    In the three-dimensional case, the situation is more complicated as now one has horizontal and vertical planes in addition to horizontal and vertical lines. Consider a point P and designate a direction through P as vertical. A plane which contains P and is normal to the designated direction is the horizontal plane at P.

  8. Horizontal escalation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_escalation

    Horizontal escalation is a direct contrast to vertical escalation which employs types of weapons not previously used in the conflict. That type of escalation also allows attacking new types of targets in order to have an upper hand to the other combatant. [1] During the Cold War, the risks associated with using escalation were much broader and ...

  9. Vertical and horizontal (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal...

    Vertical integration, when the the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company (i.e. integration of multiple stages of production) Vertical and horizontal market, another concept in economics, with a vertical market characterized by goods and services being offered to a specific industry or group of customers with ...