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A pointer a pointing to the memory address associated with a variable b, i.e., a contains the memory address 1008 of the variable b.In this diagram, the computing architecture uses the same address space and data primitive for both pointers and non-pointers; this need should not be the case.
Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. [42] In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like primitive types. [42] The drawback of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method.
However, C and C++ will use a linear indexing formula for multi-dimensional arrays that are declared with compile time constant size, e.g. by int A [10][20] or int A [m][n], instead of the traditional int ** A. [8] The C99 standard introduced Variable Length Array types that let define array types with dimensions computed in run time.
If we have a set of keys K and a set of data objects D, any well-defined (single-valued) function from K to D ∪ defines a type of reference, where null is the image of a key not referring to anything meaningful. An alternative representation of such a function is a directed graph called a reachability graph.
In an object sensitive analysis, the points-to set of each variable is qualified by the abstract heap allocation of the receiver object of the method call. Unlike call-site sensitivity, object-sensitivity is non-syntactic or non-local : the context entries are derived during the points-to analysis itself.
Possibly the most common use is in-memory objects in a computer program written in an object-based language. Information systems can be modeled with objects representing their components and interfaces. [1]: 39 In the relational model of database management, aspects such as table and column may act as objects. [2]
If there are base class methods overridden by the derived class, the method actually called by such a reference or pointer can be bound (linked) either "early" (by the compiler), according to the declared type of the pointer or reference, or "late" (i.e., by the runtime system of the language), according to the actual type of the object is ...
A generalization of the notion of a set is that of a multiset or bag, which is similar to a set but allows repeated ("equal") values (duplicates). This is used in two distinct senses: either equal values are considered identical, and are simply counted, or equal values are considered equivalent, and are stored as distinct items.