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A memristor (/ ˈ m ɛ m r ɪ s t ər /; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage.It was described and named in 1971 by Leon Chua, completing a theoretical quartet of fundamental electrical components which also comprises the resistor, capacitor and inductor.
The simplest example of a memristive circuit or network is a memristors crossbar. A memristor crossbar is often used as a way to address single memristors for a variety of applications in artificial intelligence. However, this is a one particular example of memristive network arranged on a two dimensional grid.
The simplest example of such a system is a single circular coil of conductive wire immersed in a magnetic field, in which case the flux linkage is simply the flux passing through the loop. The flux Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } through the surface delimited by a coil turn exists independently of the presence of the coil.
While the memristor is defined in terms of a two-terminal circuit element, there was an implementation of a three-terminal device called a memistor developed by Bernard Widrow in 1960. Memistors formed basic components of a neural network architecture called ADALINE developed by Widrow. [1] [2] The memistor was also used in MADALINE.
Stan Williams of HP Labs also argued that ReRAM was a memristor. [21] However, others challenged this terminology and the applicability of memristor theory to any physically realizable device is open to question. [22] [23] [24] Whether redox-based resistively switching elements (ReRAM) are covered by the current memristor theory is disputed. [25]
Only nine types of element (memristor not included), five passive and four active, are required to model any electrical component or circuit. [2] Each element is defined by a relation between the state variables of the network: current , I {\displaystyle I} ; voltage , V {\displaystyle V} ; charge , Q {\displaystyle Q} ; and magnetic flux , Φ ...
A circuit diagram (or: wiring diagram, electrical diagram, elementary diagram, electronic schematic) is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a schematic diagram shows the components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized symbolic representations.
For example, resistors, capacitors, and inductors are linear, while diodes and transistors are nonlinear. An I–V curve which is a straight line through the origin with positive slope represents a linear or ohmic resistor, the most common type of resistance encountered in circuits.