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I(t) and Q(t) are the time-series data for the in-phase and quadrature components. S is the signal . IQ data has extensive use in many signal processing contexts, including for radio modulation, software-defined radio, audio signal processing and electrical engineering. I/Q data is a two-dimensional stream.
IQ imbalance is a performance-limiting issue in the design of a class of radio receivers known as direct conversion receivers. [ a ] These translate the received radio frequency (RF, or pass-band ) signal directly from the carrier frequency f c {\displaystyle f_{c}} to baseband using a single mixing stage.
Carrier frequency offset (CFO) is one of many non-ideal conditions that may affect in baseband receiver design. In designing a baseband receiver, we should notice not only the degradation invoked by non-ideal channel and noise , we should also regard RF and analog parts as the main consideration.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave.The modulation is accomplished by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. [1]
If the shift in is expressed as a fraction of the period, and then scaled to an angle spanning a whole turn, one gets the phase shift, phase offset, or phase difference of relative to . If F {\displaystyle F} is a "canonical" function for a class of signals, like sin ( t ) {\displaystyle \sin(t)} is for all sinusoidal signals, then φ ...
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This filtered signal is unaffected by Q(t), showing that the in-phase component can be received independently of the quadrature component. Similarly, we can multiply s c (t) by a sine wave and then low-pass filter to extract Q(t). The graphs of the sine (solid red) and cosine (dotted blue) functions are sinusoids of different phases.