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Psychological well-being can also be affected negatively, as is the case with a degrading and unrewarding work environment, unfulfilling obligations and unsatisfying relationships. Social interaction has a strong effect on well-being as negative social outcomes are more strongly related to well-being than are positive social outcomes. [9]
Typically, life satisfaction, or evaluative wellbeing is measured with Cantril's self-anchoring ladder, a questionnaire where wellbeing is rated on a scale from 1–10. Happiness or hedonic/Affective well-being measurement is measured with the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS), a more complex scale.
Life satisfaction is a key part of subjective well-being. Many factors influence subjective well-being and life satisfaction. Socio-demographic factors include gender, age, marital status, income, and education. Psychosocial factors include health and illness, functional ability, activity level, and social relationships. [9]
[18] In this model, cognitive, affective, and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being. [19] According to Diener and Suh, subjective well-being is "based on the idea that how each person thinks and feels about his or her life is important." [20] Carol Ryff's six-factor model of psychological well-being was first published in 1989.
Risk Factors for Stress. One review looked at risk factors among university students. It found that the following factors increase a person’s chances of experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression:
Hedonic adaptation is an event or mechanism that reduces the affective impact of substantial emotional events. Generally, hedonic adaptation involves a happiness "set point", whereby humans generally maintain a constant level of happiness throughout their lives, despite events that occur in their environment.
A potential consequence of a hedonistic conceptualization of happiness that stresses the maximization of subjective well-being (consisting in part of the absence of negative emotions) is that such a conceptualization, which seems to be dominant in the West, makes it difficult to accept hardship, negative affect, and unhappiness as possible ...
The vast majority of students surveyed for HSBC UK said they have made changes to their financial behaviour in the past six months. 54% of students ‘say finances have negatively affected ...