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Dr. Dean's research on the fluoride-dental caries relationship, published in 1942, included 7,000 children from 21 cities in Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The study concluded that the optimal amount of fluoride which minimized the risk of severe fluorosis but had positive benefits for tooth decay was 1 mg per day, per adult.
The U.S. Public Health Service currently recommends a fluoride level of 0.7 milligrams per liter of water to maximize oral health benefits while minimizing the risk of fluorosis, a condition ...
Fluoride works primarily through direct contact with teeth. [3] [5] Fluoride came into use to prevent tooth decay in the 1940s. [6] Fluoride is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [7] In 2021, it was the 291st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions. [8] [9]
By comparison, fluoride toothpaste costs an estimated $11–$22 per person-year, with the incremental cost being zero for people who already brush their teeth for other reasons; and dental cleaning and application of fluoride varnish or gel costs an estimated $121 per person-year.
Studies of more than 5,700 children conducted before fluoride-fortified toothpaste became widely available in the mid-1970s found that adding fluoride to water systems reduced the number of ...
If HF alone is electrolyzed, hydrogen forms at the cathode (positive part of the cell) and the fluoride ions remain in solution. After electrolysis, potassium fluoride remains in solution. [35] 2 HF 2 − → H 2 ↑ + F 2 ↑ + 2 F −. The modern version of the process uses steel containers as cathodes, while blocks of carbon are used as anodes.
The governance of fluoride in water is not handled by the Department of Health and Human Services. It is a combination of state and local decisions, along with the U.S. Environmental Protection ...
Sodium fluorosilicate is used in some countries as additives for water fluoridation, opal glass raw material, ore refining, or other fluoride chemical (like sodium fluoride, magnesium silicofluoride, cryolite, aluminum fluoride) production. [5] It also is an ingredient in some ceramic cements.