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Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones. The adrenal glands—also referred to as the adrenal cortex—normally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol ), mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone ), and androgens .
The ACTH stimulation test is sometimes used to stimulate the production of aldosterone along with cortisol to determine if primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency is present. by plasma acidosis. by the stretch receptors located in the atria of the heart. by adrenoglomerulotropin, a lipid factor, obtained from pineal extracts. It selectively ...
In some patients a specific reason for adrenal insufficiency can be suspected, such as prior intake of corticosteroids that suppressed the HPA axis, or use of enzyme inducing drugs such as phenytoin. [6] Treatment with imidazole drugs such as etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole can also suppress the HPA axis, as well as drugs used ...
When a person with adrenal insufficiency is known to be exhibiting symptoms of an adrenal crisis, treatment begins before diagnostic testing. [14] When adrenal insufficiency is suspected a blood sample can be collected to test serum cortisol and ACTH levels, while treatment begins during the wait for results. Once an acutely ill person has ...
[1] [10] A single adrenal gland may also be removed in cases where only one is enlarged. [4] In cases due to enlargement of both glands, treatment is typically with medications known as aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone or eplerenone. [1] Other medications for high blood pressure and a low salt diet, e.g. DASH diet, may also be needed.
Adrenal crisis is a serious, life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension , or hypovolemic shock , is the main symptom of adrenal crisis, other indications and symptoms include weakness , anorexia , nausea , vomiting, fever, fatigue , abnormal electrolytes , confusion , and coma. [ 19 ]
Common use of medications include drugs that suppress cortisol production in the adrenal gland by inhibiting 11-beta hydroxylase. Ketoconazole and metyrapone fall under this drug category. [ 19 ] Besides mediating the function of adrenal glands, medications may also be given to destroy the gland internally for hyperadrenalism to lower hormone ...
Pale skin may contribute to patients' diminished appearance and aid in differentiating between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is not associated with a lack of aldosterone, so symptoms and signs of mineralocorticoid deficiency, such as salt craving, postural hypotension, and electrolyte abnormalities ...
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