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A diode's high resistance to current flowing in the reverse direction suddenly drops to a low resistance when the reverse voltage across the diode reaches a value called the breakdown voltage. This effect is used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes) or to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche diodes).
Under reverse bias, the diode equation's exponential term is near 0, so the current is near the somewhat constant reverse current value (roughly a picoampere for silicon diodes or a microampere for germanium diodes, [1] although this is obviously a function of size).
Copper oxide diode: Usually between germanium and silicon diodes (0.2-0.5V) Diac: Depends on configuration. Germanium diode:apx 0.3 V; varying with temperature. Schottky diode:0.10–0.45, varying with temperature. Selenium diode:Depends on age and current. Usually higher than silicon diodes. Silicon diode: cutoff occurs when Vf falls below apx ...
From 1950 through the early 1970s, this area provided an increasing market for germanium, but then high-purity silicon began replacing germanium in transistors, diodes, and rectifiers. [32] For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors.
The Shockley diode equation relates the diode current of a p-n junction diode to the diode voltage .This relationship is the diode I-V characteristic: = (), where is the saturation current or scale current of the diode (the magnitude of the current that flows for negative in excess of a few , typically 10 −12 A).
An aspect of most rectification is a loss from the peak input voltage to the peak output voltage, caused by the built-in voltage drop across the diodes (around 0.7 V for ordinary silicon p–n junction diodes and 0.3 V for Schottky diodes). Half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification using a center-tapped secondary produces a peak ...
Three 1N4148 diodes in glass DO-35 axial package. The black band on the right is the cathode side. Diode schematic symbol vs cathode marking on the package. The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost.
In 1956, Richard Baker described some discrete diode clamp circuits to keep transistors from saturating. [22] The circuits are now known as Baker clamps. One of those clamp circuits used a single germanium diode to clamp a silicon transistor in a circuit configuration that is the same as the Schottky transistor.
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