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Naikan (Japanese: 内観, lit. ' introspection ') is a structured method of self-reflection developed by Yoshimoto Ishin (1916–1988) in the 1940s. [1] The practice is based around asking oneself three questions about a person in one's life: [2]
Introspection has been critiqued by many other psychologists, including Wilhelm Wundt and Knight Dunlap, who presented a non-behaviorist argument against self-observation. [12] Introspection is still widely used in psychology, but now implicitly, as self-report surveys, interviews and some fMRI studies are based on introspection.
Self-reflection is the ability to witness and evaluate one's own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. In psychology , other terms used for this self-observation include "reflective awareness" and "reflective consciousness", which originate from the work of William James .
Psychological mindedness refers to a person's capacity for self-examination, self-reflection, introspection and personal insight.It includes an ability to recognize meanings that underlie overt words and actions, to appreciate emotional nuance and complexity, to recognize the links between past and present, and insight into one's own and others' motives and intentions.
Self-knowledge is a term used in psychology to describe the information that an individual draws upon when finding answers to the questions "What am I like?" and "Who am I?". While seeking to develop the answer to this question, self-knowledge requires ongoing self-awareness and self-consciousness (which is not to be confused with consciousness).
The child who strikes another says that he has been struck; the child who sees another fall, cries.' [20] In 1960, 'Arlow observed, "The existence of another individual who is a reflection of the self brings the experience of twinship in line with the psychology of the double, of the mirror image and of the double".' [21]
In philosophy, self-awareness is the awareness and reflection of one's own personality or individuality, including traits, feelings, and behaviors. [1] [2] It is not to be confused with consciousness in the sense of qualia.
The introspection illusion is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly think they have direct insight into the origins of their mental states, while treating others' introspections as unreliable. The illusion has been examined in psychological experiments, and suggested as a basis for biases in how people compare themselves to others.