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Among the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis are: acutely swollen, red, painful joint with fever. [9] Kocher criteria have been suggested to predict the diagnosis of septic arthritis in children. [10] Importantly, observation of active limb motion or kicking in the lower limb can provide valuable clues to septic arthritis of hip or knee.
The knee and the ankle can also experience these symptoms and the criteria can be applied to symptomatic joints such as these. [3] [4] Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency, which, if treatment is delayed, can lead to irreversible joint damage. Septic arthritis occurs more often in childhood than at any other time.
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. [4] [7]This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. [8]
Septic shock is a result of a systemic response to infection or multiple infectious causes. The precipitating infections that may lead to septic shock if severe enough include but are not limited to appendicitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA and mesenteric ischemia.
Bacteremia can have several important health consequences. Immune responses to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which, particularly if severe sepsis and then septic shock occurs, have high mortality rates, especially if not treated quickly (though, if treated early, currently mild sepsis can usually be dealt with successfully). [6]
Knee effusion, informally known as water on the knee, occurs when excess synovial fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint. It has many common causes, including arthritis , injury to the ligaments or meniscus , or fluid collecting in the bursa , a condition known as prepatellar bursitis .
Vasodilatory shock, vasogenic shock, or vasoplegic shock is a medical emergency belonging to shock along with cardiogenic shock, septic shock, allergen-induced shock and hypovolemic shock. When the blood vessels suddenly relax, it results in vasodilation .
SJIA is diagnosed clinically and corroborated by typical test findings; it is a diagnosis of exclusion. A child suspected of having sJIA should undergo a full evaluation for infection and cancer, including blood and urine cultures, imaging tests, and bone marrow exams to rule out leukemia or lymphoma.