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Among the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis are: acutely swollen, red, painful joint with fever. [9] Kocher criteria have been suggested to predict the diagnosis of septic arthritis in children. [10] Importantly, observation of active limb motion or kicking in the lower limb can provide valuable clues to septic arthritis of hip or knee.
The knee and the ankle can also experience these symptoms and the criteria can be applied to symptomatic joints such as these. [3] [4] Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency, which, if treatment is delayed, can lead to irreversible joint damage. Septic arthritis occurs more often in childhood than at any other time.
[6]: p. 360 Septic prepatellar bursitis may be diagnosed if the fluid is found to have a neutrophil count above 1500 per microliter, [5]: p. 608 a threshold significantly lower than that of septic arthritis (50,000 cells per microliter). [6]: p. 360 A tuberculosis infection can be confirmed using a radiograph of the knee and urinalysis. [12]
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. [4] [7]This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. [8]
Bacteremia can have several important health consequences. Immune responses to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which, particularly if severe sepsis and then septic shock occurs, have high mortality rates, especially if not treated quickly (though, if treated early, currently mild sepsis can usually be dealt with successfully). [6]
Knee effusion, informally known as water on the knee, occurs when excess synovial fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint. It has many common causes, including arthritis , injury to the ligaments or meniscus , or fluid collecting in the bursa , a condition known as prepatellar bursitis .
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium called Burkholderia pseudomallei. [1] Most people exposed to B. pseudomallei experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild, such as fever and skin changes, to severe with pneumonia, abscesses, and septic shock that could cause death. [1]
The patellar tap is a technique used in an examination of the knee to test for knee effusion or "water-on-the-knee". [1] With the examinee lying on their back, the examiner extends the knee and presses the area above the kneecap with the palm of one hand. This pushes fluid under the kneecap and lifts it.