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First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the zeroth ionization energy. [1]
The electron affinity of molecules is a complicated function of their electronic structure. For instance the electron affinity for benzene is negative, as is that of naphthalene, while those of anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene are positive. In silico experiments show that the electron affinity of hexacyanobenzene surpasses that of fullerene. [5]
Separate values for each source are only given where one or more sources differ. Electronegativity is not a uniquely defined property and may depend on the definition.
The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element whose electron affinity is known. Measured values are available for 72 elements, while approximate values have been estimated or calculated for the remaining elements. The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential. [14]
The energy required to remove one or more electrons to make a cation is a sum of successive ionization energies; for example, the energy needed to form Mg 2+ is the ionization energy required to remove the first electron from Mg, plus the ionization energy required to remove the second electron from Mg +. Electron affinity is defined as the ...
The energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form an anion is known as electron affinity. [14] Trend-wise, as one progresses from left to right across a period , the electron affinity will increase as the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases resulting in a more potent force of attraction of the ...
This spacing is called the electron affinity (note that this has a different meaning than the electron affinity of chemistry); in silicon for example the electron affinity is 4.05 eV. [16] If the electron affinity E EA and the surface's band-referenced Fermi level E F-E C are known, then the work function is given by
The electron binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electron with the nucleus and the other electrons of the atom, molecule or solid and is mediated by photons. Among the chemical elements, the range of ionization energies is from 3.8939 eV for the outermost electron in an atom of caesium to 11.567617 keV for the ...