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Phytoestrogen content varies in different foods, and may vary significantly within the same group of foods (e.g. soy beverages, tofu) depending on processing mechanisms and type of soybean used. Legumes (in particular soybeans), whole grain cereals, and some seeds are high in phytoestrogens.
People with a confirmed soy allergy should avoid foods containing soy-sourced ingredients. [1] [3] [4] [26] In many countries, packaged food labels are required to list ingredients, and soy is identified as an allergen. Many fast-food restaurants commonly use soy protein in hamburger buns , or as substitute meat (soy protein) preparations. [27]
Highly processed foods made from legumes, such as tofu, retain most of their isoflavone content, and fermented miso, which has increased levels. [1] Soy milk has a much higher concentration of isoflavones than soy sauce, but fermented soybeans show considerably higher concentrations, with tempeh having the highest isoflavone content. [1] [8]
It is arguably one of the most important crops, providing protein for animals and humans, in addition to being processed into biofuel, vegetable oil, and other food products. Some common soy food ...
Glycitin (glycitein 7-O-glucoside) is an isoflavone found in soy, and remains to various degrees in soy products like tofu, soymilk [1] and soy sauce. [2] Although glycitin has its own health associated properties (below), it can be transformed to glycitein by human intestinal flora by the action of beta-glucosidases.
Generally, however, these guidelines agree that highly processed foods contain high amounts of total and added sugars, fats, and/or salt, low amounts of dietary fiber, use industrial ingredients ...
While flavonoids (in the narrow sense) have the 2-phenylchromen-4-one backbone, isoflavonoids have the 3-phenylchromen-4-one backbone with no hydroxyl group substitution at position 2 (case of the isoflavones) or the 3-phenylchroman (isoflavan) backbone (case of isoflavanes, such as equol).
Glycitein is an O-methylated isoflavone which accounts for 5-10% of the total isoflavones in soy food products. Glycitein is a phytoestrogen with weak estrogenic activity, comparable to that of the other soy isoflavones. [1] Glycitin (glycitein 7-O-glucoside) can be transformed to glycetein by human intestinal flora.