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Overview of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) translation Translation of mRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis Initiation and elongation stages of translation involving RNA nucleobases, the ribosome, transfer RNA, and amino acids The three phases of translation: (1) in initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA strand and the initiator tRNA–amino acid complex binds to the start ...
some of the protein complexes involved in initiation. Initiation of translation usually involves the interaction of certain key proteins, the initiation factors, with a special tag bound to the 5'-end of an mRNA molecule, the 5' cap, as well as with the 5' UTR.
Translation promotes transcription elongation and regulates transcription termination. Functional coupling between transcription and translation is caused by direct physical interactions between the ribosome and RNA polymerase ("expressome complex"), ribosome-dependent changes to nascent mRNA secondary structure which affect RNA polymerase activity (e.g. "attenuation"), and ribosome-dependent ...
These structural mRNA elements are involved in regulating the mRNA. Some, such as the SECIS element, are targets for proteins to bind. One class of mRNA element, the riboswitches, directly bind small molecules, changing their fold to modify levels of transcription or translation. In these cases, the mRNA regulates itself.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that has a coding region that acts as a template for protein synthesis (translation). The rest of the mRNA, the untranslated regions, tune how active the mRNA is. [10] There are also many RNAs that are not translated, called non-coding RNAs. Like the untranslated regions, many of these non-coding RNAs have regulatory ...
In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed. Processing includes the addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain, followed by splicing. Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins that any single mRNA can produce. The ...
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...
Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes. Bacterial mRNA are usually polycistronic and contain multiple ribosome binding sites. Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. [5] The rate of translation depends on two factors: the rate at which a ribosome is recruited to the RBS