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CBFM in the Philippines emerged as a result of several driving forces including ‘forest and environmental degradation’ and ‘inequitable access to forest resources and benefits’. These can be attributed to the historically unsustainable forest management practices adopted by centralised governments.
Logo of the Balik Probinsya program. Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa (abbreviated as BP2; literally "Return to the Province, New Hope"), or simply Balik Probinsya, [1] is a socioeconomic program by the Philippine government to reverse the migration of people to Metro Manila and other urban areas, who were originally from more rural areas of the country.
Distributive justice in an environmental context is the equitable distribution of a society's technological and environmental risks, impacts, and benefits. These burdens include exposure to hazardous waste, land appropriation, armed violence, and murder.
If income distribution were more nearly equal, the index would be lower or nearer to zero; if income distribution were more unequal, the index would be higher or nearer to 100. Zero indicates perfect equality, while 100 indicates perfect inequality. In the Philippines in 2015, the Gini Coefficient was approximately 0.4439.
The agrarian reform is part of the long history of attempts of land reform in the Philippines. [3] The law was outlined by former President Corazon C. Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987, [4] and it was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988.
The National Academy of Public Administration defines social equity as “The fair, just and equitable management of all institutions serving the public directly or by contract; the fair, just and equitable distribution of public services and implementation of public policy; and the commitment to promote fairness, justice, and equity in the ...
Environmental justice is typically defined as distributive justice, which is the equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits. [11] Some definitions address procedural justice, which is the fair and meaningful participation in decision-making.
Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people. Differences in accessing social goods within society are influenced by factors like power, religion, kinship, prestige ...