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Tanka (短歌, "short poem") is a genre of classical Japanese poetry and one of the major genres of Japanese literature. [1] [2] [3] Etymology.
In the time of the Man'yōshū (compiled after 759 AD), the term "tanka" was used to distinguish "short poems" from the longer chōka (長歌, "long poems").In the ninth and tenth centuries, however, notably with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, the short poem became the dominant form of poetry in Japan, and the originally general word waka (和歌, "Japanese poem") became the standard ...
Studying waka degenerated into learning the many intricate rules, allusions, theories, and secrets, so as to produce tanka that would be accepted by the court. There were comical waka already in the Kojiki and the Man'yōshū , but the noble style of waka in the court inhibited and scorned such aspects of waka.
Five rules of Gogyohka by Enta Kusakabe (1983). Gogyohka is a new form of short poem that is based on the ancient Japanese Tanka and Kodai kayo. Gogyohka has five lines, but exceptionally may have four or six. Each line of Gogyohka consists of one phrase with a line-break after each phrase or breath.
Similar poems that do not adhere to these rules are generally classified as senryū. [3] Haiku originated as an opening part of a larger Japanese genre of poetry called renga. These haiku written as an opening stanza were known as hokku and over time they began to be written as stand-alone poems.
The Man'yōshū anthology preserves from the eighth century 265 chōka (long poems), 4,207 tanka (short poems), one tan-renga (short connecting poem), one bussokusekika (a poem in the form 5–7–5–7–7–7; named for the poems inscribed on the Buddha's footprints at Yakushi-ji in Nara), four kanshi (Chinese poems), and 22 Chinese prose ...
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Man'yōshū: the oldest anthology in Japanese, c.785, 20 manuscript scrolls, 4,516 poems (when the tanka envoys to the various chōka are numbered as separate poems), Ōtomo no Yakamochi was probably the last to edit the Man'yōshū.