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In particular, a ball (open or closed) always includes p itself, since the definition requires r > 0. A unit ball (open or closed) is a ball of radius 1. A ball in a general metric space need not be round. For example, a ball in real coordinate space under the Chebyshev distance is a hypercube, and a ball under the taxicab distance is a cross ...
If is viewed as a metric space, its open balls are the open bounded intervals (c + r, c − r), and its closed balls are the closed bounded intervals [c + r, c − r]. In particular, the metric and order topologies in the real line coincide, which is the standard topology of the real line.
A set that is a neighbourhood of each of its points is open since it can be expressed as the union of open sets containing each of its points. A closed rectangle, as illustrated in the figure, is not a neighbourhood of all its points; points on the edges or corners of the rectangle are not contained in any open set that is contained within the ...
An open set is a set which is a neighborhood of all its points. It follows that the open balls form a base for a topology on M. In other words, the open sets of M are exactly the unions of open balls. As in any topology, closed sets are the complements of open sets. Sets may be both open and closed as well as neither open nor closed.
An unit ball is the region inside of a unit sphere, the set of points of distance less than 1 from the center. A sphere or ball with unit radius and center at the origin of the space is called the unit sphere or the unit ball.
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[0, 1] 2 is a totally bounded space because for every ε > 0, the unit square can be covered by finitely many open discs of radius ε. A metric space (,) is totally bounded if and only if for every real number >, there exists a finite collection of open balls of radius whose centers lie in M and whose union contains M.
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