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A difference equation of order k is an equation that involves the k first differences of a sequence or a function, in the same way as a differential equation of order k relates the k first derivatives of a function. The two above relations allow transforming a recurrence relation of order k into a difference equation of order k, and, conversely ...
If the {} and {} are constant and independent of the step index n, then the TTRR is a Linear recurrence with constant coefficients of order 2. Arguably the simplest, and most prominent, example for this case is the Fibonacci sequence , which has constant coefficients a n = b n = 1 {\displaystyle a_{n}=b_{n}=1} .
In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, de Boor's algorithm [1] is a polynomial-time and numerically stable algorithm for evaluating spline curves in B-spline form. It is a generalization of de Casteljau's algorithm for Bézier curves.
A sequence () is called hypergeometric if the ratio of two consecutive terms is a rational function in , i.e. (+) / (). This is the case if and only if the sequence is the solution of a first-order recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients.
The recurrence may be started with arbitrary values of a 0 and a 1, leading to the two-dimensional space of solutions that arises from second order differential equations. The standard choices are: a 0 = 1 ; a 1 = 0, leading to the solution
This tells us that the logistic map with r = 4 has 2 fixed points, 1 cycle of length 2, 2 cycles of length 3 and so on. This sequence takes a particularly simple form for prime k: 2 ⋅ 2 k − 1 − 1 / k . For example: 2 ⋅ 2 13 − 1 − 1 / 13 = 630 is the number of cycles of length 13. Since this case of the logistic map is ...
[1] [2] The method was published by Charles William Clenshaw in 1955. It is a generalization of Horner's method for evaluating a linear combination of monomials. It generalizes to more than just Chebyshev polynomials; it applies to any class of functions that can be defined by a three-term recurrence relation. [3]
For n = 1 this results in the already known recurrence formula, just arranged differently, and with n = 2 it forms the recurrence relation for all even or all odd indexed Chebyshev polynomials (depending on the parity of the lowest m) which implies the evenness or oddness of these polynomials.