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A hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. [ citation needed ] It has many applications, notably in construction equipment ( engineering vehicles ), manufacturing machinery , elevators , and civil engineering.
A fluid power system has a pump driven by a prime mover (such as an electric motor or internal combustion engine) that converts mechanical energy into fluid energy, Pressurized fluid is controlled and directed by valves into an actuator device such as a hydraulic cylinder or pneumatic cylinder, to provide linear motion, or a hydraulic motor or pneumatic motor, to provide rotary motion or torque.
The area required to calculate the volumetric flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the volume passes through, A , and a unit vector normal to the area, n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}} .
A is the cross sectional area (m 2) of the cylinder. Q is the flow rate (m 3 /s) of the fluid flowing through the area A. The flux of fluid through A is q = Q/A. L is the length of the cylinder. Δp = p outlet - p inlet = p b - p a. = Δp/L = hydraulic gradient applied between the points a and b.
The hydraulic diameter, D H, is a commonly used term when handling flow in non-circular tubes and channels. Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as [1] [2] =, where
For the thin-walled assumption to be valid, the vessel must have a wall thickness of no more than about one-tenth (often cited as Diameter / t > 20) of its radius. [4] This allows for treating the wall as a surface, and subsequently using the Young–Laplace equation for estimating the hoop stress created by an internal pressure on a thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel:
For instance for a circular cylinder of diameter D in oscillatory flow, the reference area per unit cylinder length is = and the cylinder volume per unit cylinder length is =. As a result, () is the total force per unit cylinder length:
The force is given by the product of the pressure in the cylinder and its cross sectional area such that = = Where A⋅ds = dV is the elemental change of cylinder volume. If from state 1 to 2 the volume increases then the working fluid actually does work on its surroundings and this is commonly denoted by a negative work.
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