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Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide. The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters (i.e., 1 cubic kilometer). As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility, debris flows can be very destructive.
A 100-meter slot is cut through a granite ridge which would have missed the ridge completely had the river flowed just a kilometer to the south. The Meuse still flows south-north from France to Belgium through the Ardennes which were elevated after the river had assumed that course.
The point where a muddy material begins to flow depends on its grain size, the water content, and the slope of the topography. Fine grained material like mud or sand can be mobilized by shallower flows than a coarse sediment or a debris flow. Higher water content (higher precipitation/overland flow) also increases the potential to initiate a ...
On May 15, the first debris flow caused by accumulated volcanic ash at the summit occurred, and a number of cracks were formed on the west side of the crater, extending in an east–west direction. After this inflation of the summit area, fresh lava was confirmed to be emerging on May 20, 1991. [ 10 ]
Debris flows and avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is fluid-like and generally much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower shear resistances and steeper slopes. Typically, debris slides start with the detachment of large rock fragments high on the slopes, which break apart as they descend.
Nuʻuanu Slide is seen near the center top in this bathymetry image of the Hawaiian archipelago, Nuʻuanu Slide or Nuʻuanu Debris Avalanche is the largest of seventeen known submarine landslides around the Hawaiian Islands and at 200 kilometers (124 mi) in length, one of the largest landslides on Earth.
One of the possible issues with this timing was the continental debris cluttering up the seaway between the two plates in question. This debris, along with what is known as the Shackleton fracture zone , has been shown in a recent study to be fairly young, only about 8 million years old. [ 102 ]
Prehistoric sector collapses are stored in the geological record [1] in the form of debris avalanche deposits [2] and collapse scars. Debris avalanche deposits can be found up to 20 km from the site of collapse. [3] Studying avalanche deposits informs on the time scale of the collapse and the volcano from which it originated. [2]