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Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Neu is so named because it was derived from a rodent glioblastoma cell line, a type of neural tumor. ErbB-2 was named for its similarity to ErbB (avian erythroblastosis oncogene B), the oncogene later found to code for EGFR. Molecular cloning of the gene showed that HER2, Neu, and ErbB-2 are all encoded by the same orthologs. [10]
In a follow-up 8 to 104 months (mean: 47 months) after diagnoses of 29 cases, 5 developed recurrent disease 1.5 to 7 (mean: 3.3) years after diagnosis and 2 developed metastases, 1 to lung and 1 to bone. By the end of the study, 47 individuals had no evidence of disease and 2 had died of unknown causes.
The prognosis of the most common form of invasive carcinoma NST is intermediate. Regardless of the histological subtype, the prognosis of IDC depends also on tumor size, presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, histological grade, presence of cancer in small vessels (vascular invasion), expression of hormone receptors and of oncogenes like HER2/neu.
ERBB2/HER2-amplified: has overexpressed HER2/neu [40] Normal breast-like [ 39 ] [ 46 ] [ 49 ] Claudin -low: a more recently described class; often triple-negative, but distinct in that there is low expression of cell-cell junction proteins [ 48 ] including E-cadherin [ 48 ] and frequently there is infiltration with lymphocytes .
The HER2 gene (also known as HER2/neu and ErbB2 gene) is amplified in 20–30% of early-stage breast cancers. [44] Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting HER2, inducing an immune-mediated response that causes internalization and recycling of HER2. It may also upregulate cell cycle inhibitors such as p21 Waf1 and p27 Kip1. [58]
Almost 100% of rare mucinous carcinomas have mutations in KRAS and amplifications of ERBB2 (also known as Her2/neu). [28] Overall, 20% of ovarian cancers have mutations in Her2/neu. [26] Serous carcinomas may develop from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, rather than developing spontaneously from ovarian tissue.
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [1] to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. [2]
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