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[citation needed] In C++ private inheritance can be used as a form of implementation inheritance without substitutability. Whereas public inheritance represents an "is-a" relationship and delegation represents a "has-a" relationship, private (and protected) inheritance can be thought of as an "is implemented in terms of" relationship. [16]
Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class.
Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]
Some languages like Go do not support inheritance at all. Go states that it is object-oriented, [35] and Bjarne Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. [36] The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For ...
The factory method pattern relies on inheritance, as object creation is delegated to subclasses that implement the factory method to create objects. [3] The pattern can also rely on the implementation of an interface.
They introduce six OO complexity metrics: (1) weighted methods per class; (2) coupling between object classes; (3) response for a class; (4) number of children; (5) depth of inheritance tree; and (6) lack of cohesion of methods. Several other metrics can be used to measure programming complexity: Branching complexity (Sneed Metric)
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In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. [32] New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for ...