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Perfume was produced by ancient Greeks, [1] and perfume was also refined by the Romans, the Persians and the Arabs. Although perfume and perfumery also existed in East Asia, much of its fragrances were incense based. The basic ingredients and methods of making perfumes are described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia.
A Byzantine alembic used to distill perfumes Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey; 1550–1295 BC; faience; height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) In 2003, [8] archaeologists uncovered what are believed [by whom?] to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The ...
The word 'attar' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word itir, [3] which is in turn derived from the Arabic word 'itr (عطر), meaning 'perfume'. [4] [5]The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim Iberia) physician, pharmacist and chemist.
Fame: The First Ever Black Eau de Perfume: Lady Gaga (see List of celebrity-branded perfumes) 2012 Elixir: Shakira (see List of celebrity-branded perfumes) Puig: 2012 Florentine Iris Essenze: Ermenegildo Zegna: 2012 Grenada: Oscar de la Renta [75] 2012 Jeunesse: Robert Piguet: Aurelien Guichard: 2012 Michael Kors Suede: Michael Kors: 2012 Mi ...
History [ edit ] According to Plutarch (De Iside et Osiride) and Suidas (s. v. Μανήθως), the Egyptian priest Manetho (ca. 300 BCE) is said to have written a treatise called "On the preparation of kyphi" (Περὶ κατασκευη̑ϛ κυφίων), but no copy of this work survives.
Musk has been a key constituent in many perfumes since its discovery, being held to give a perfume long-lasting power as a fixative. Today, the trade quantity of the natural musk is controlled by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ), but illegal poaching and trading continues.
In ancient Rome, nardus was used to flavor wine, and occurs frequently in the recipes of Apicius. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] During the early Roman empire , nardus was the main ingredient of a perfume ( unguentum nardinum ).
A recipe for making pomander was included in John Partridge's The Treasury of Commodious Conceits, and Hidden Secrets (London, 1586). [9] Benzoin resin, calamite, labdanum, and storax balsam were ground into a powder, dissolved in rose water and put into a pan over a fire to cook together.