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Mount Washington Hotel. The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate what would be the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.
The Bretton Woods Conference led to the establishment of the IMF and the IBRD (now the World Bank), which remain powerful forces in the world economy as of the 2020s. A major point of common ground at the Conference was the goal to avoid a recurrence of the closed markets and economic warfare that had characterized the 1930s.
The Bretton Woods system broke down, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility; but the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese yen also being prominent in foreign exchange markets.
The Bretton Woods twins refers to the two multilateral organizations created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, namely the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. [1] Both twin organizations functioned to enact and maintain the Bretton Woods system of prescribed international currency exchange rates .
The Jamaica Accords were a set of international agreements that ratified the end of the Bretton Woods monetary system. [1] They took the form of recommendations to change the "articles of agreement" that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was founded upon. [2]
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) were established by delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and became operational in 1946. [10] According to a March 2012 Washington Post article, IBRD was the "original 'world bank'". [11]
The IMF and World Bank (two Bretton Woods institutions) require borrowing countries to implement certain policies in order to obtain new loans (or to lower interest rates on existing ones). These policies are typically centered around increased privatization , liberalizing trade and foreign investment, and balancing government deficit. [ 2 ]
Through Bretton Woods, White was a major architect of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. [2] White was accused in 1948 of spying for the Soviet Union, which he adamantly denied. He was never a Communist party member, but he had frequent contacts with Soviet officials as part of his duties at the Treasury.