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On 23 February 1917, [a] Russia burst into a revolution and with it came the fall of the Tsardom and the establishment of a Provisional Government. [3] The defining factor in the fall of the Autocracy was the lack of support from the military: both soldier and sailor rebelled against their officers and joined the masses. [4]
The emergence of the Blue Army was closely associated with the American entry into World War I in April, 1917. A month earlier, Ignacy Jan Paderewski submitted a proposal to U.S. House of Representatives to accept Polish-American volunteers for service on the Western Front in the name of Poland's independence.
The Bolsheviks found special value in the use of Chinese troops who were considered to be industrious and efficient. In addition, they were seldom able to understand Russian, which kept them insulated from outside influences. [21] The use of Chinese troops by the Bolsheviks was commented on by both White Russian and non-Russian observers. [13]
Bolshevism brings war and destruction, hunger and death", anti-Bolshevik German propaganda, 1919 Bolo was a derogatory expression for Bolsheviks used by British service personnel in the North Russian Expeditionary Force which intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. [ 35 ]
From late 1919, Lenin, encouraged by the Red Army's civil war victories over the White Russian forces and their Western allies, began to envision the future of world revolution with greater optimism. The Bolsheviks proclaimed the need for the dictatorship of the proletariat and agitated for a worldwide
Many units had not yet received their new uniforms in 1919. [53] Rations decreased in quantity and quality, and towards the end of 1920 the fleet suffered an outbreak of scurvy. Protests demanding improvements in soldier food rations went ignored and agitators were arrested. [52] The organization of the fleet had changed dramatically since 1917.
Finally, on 2 January 1919, Antonov-Ovseenko made a decision on his own to start the march to Kharkiv, having learned that the last German units were withdrawing from the city and that the Bolshevik workers' units were getting ready to start an armed uprising. [17] On 3 January 1919, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division entered Kharkiv. [13]
The Western Russian Volunteer Army, unlike the pro-Entente Volunteer Army in Southern Russia, was supported and in fact put together under German auspices.The Compiègne Armistice of November 1918, in article 12, stipulated that troops of the former German Empire would remain in the Baltic provinces of the former Russian Empire to help fight against Bolshevik advances and that such German ...