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The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes. [2] [3] Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in people who have risk factors for heart disease such as smokers.
Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia, [1] or cardiac ischemia, [2] is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries. [3] Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease, and heart attacks. [4] Coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. [5]
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), [13] is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. [5] [6] [14] It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. [15]
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in men and women. [16] This condition is the cause of one third of all deaths, which is especially worse in areas with lower socioeconomic status. [16] Mortality is nearly five times higher in men than women, but mortality difference narrows with age. [16]
Atherosclerosis [a] is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, [8] characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and is driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. [9]
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (abbreviated MESA) is an ongoing medical study which aims to investigate the characteristics of subclinical atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, and to determine risk factors for its progression to the clinically overt form of these diseases. [1]
[3] [4] Cardiovascular risk scoring systems give an estimate of the probability that a person will develop cardiovascular disease within a specified amount of time, usually 10 to 30 years. [5] Because they give an indication of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, they also indicate who is most likely to benefit from prevention.
Gensini score is a widely used means of quantifying angiographic atherosclerosis, [1] where a zero score indicates absence of atherosclerotic disease. [2] The Gensini score accounts for the degree of artery narrowing as well as locations of narrowing.