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The Battle of Normandy in 1944 is an example of a need-to-know restriction. Though thousands of military personnel were involved in planning the invasion, only a small number of them knew the entire scope of the operation; the rest were only informed of data needed to complete a small part of the plan.
The cover of The Peter Principle (1970 Pan Books edition). The Peter principle is a concept in management developed by Laurence J. Peter which observes that people in a hierarchy tend to rise to "a level of respective incompetence": employees are promoted based on their success in previous jobs until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent, as skills in one job do not ...
If speaker and addressee know that Susan is a sore loser, an implicature of (5) could be (7) Susan needs to be cheered up. The distinction between explicature and implicature is not always clear-cut. For example, the inference (8) He drank a bottle of vodka and fell into a stupor. → He drank a bottle of vodka and consequently fell into a stupor.
In business and project management, a responsibility assignment matrix [1] (RAM), also known as RACI matrix [2] (/ ˈ r eɪ s i /; responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed) [3] [4] or linear responsibility chart [5] (LRC), is a model that describes the participation by various roles in completing tasks or deliverables [4] for a project or business process.
In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. It is also known as the principle of parsimony or the law of parsimony (Latin: lex parsimoniae).
The transparency principle, also referred to as the luminosity of knowledge, states that it is impossible for someone to know something without knowing that they know it. [ o ] [ 206 ] According to the conjunction principle, if a person has justified beliefs in two separate propositions, then they are also justified in believing the conjunction ...
For example, in a low-stake situation, a person may know that the solar system has 8 planets, even though the same person lacks this knowledge in a high-stake situation. [ 7 ] [ 6 ] [ 21 ] The question of the standards of knowledge is highly relevant to how common or rare knowledge is.
Appropriate application of the four principles requires that Stakeholder analysis must first be performed. Thorough stakeholder analysis is important to identify: the correct entity(s) from whom to seek informed consent; the party(s) who bear the burdens or face risks of research; the party(s) who will benefit from research activity; and, the party(s) who are critical to mitigation in the ...