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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Benzene with an EWG typically undergoes electrophilic substitution at meta positions. Overall the rates are diminished. thus EWGs are called deactivating. [citation needed] When it comes to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-withdrawing groups are more prone to nucleophilic substitution.
On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the para position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the meta position. At the ortho position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction which otherwise follows the same trend as ...
The pollutant benzene, a known carcinogen, can also be emitted by gas stoves, even after they’ve been turned off. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia .
The mechanism of S N 2 reaction does not occur due to steric hindrance of the benzene ring. In order to attack the C atom, the nucleophile must approach in line with the C-LG (leaving group) bond from the back, where the benzene ring lies. It follows the general rule for which S N 2 reactions occur only at a tetrahedral carbon atom.
Beauty products like dry shampoo keep getting recalled for containing benzene, a human carcinogen linked to cancer. Experts reveal why benzene is even in dry shampoo, plus ways you can reduce your ...
He adds that, with deodorant, "you’re using a very small amount of the product, so trace amounts are unlikely to contribute to a lifetime risk of benzene exposure." Zeichner agrees.
Consider para-disubstituted benzene p-F-C 6 H 4-Z, where Z is a substituent such as NH 2, NO 2, etc. The fluorine atom is para with respect to the substituent Z in the benzene ring. The image on the right shows four distinguished ring carbon atoms, C1, C2, C3, C4 in p-F-C 6 H 4-Z molecule. The carbon with Z is defined as C1(ipso) and ...