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As of 2018, JT-60 holds the record for the highest value of the fusion triple product achieved: 1.77 × 10 28 K·s·m −3 = 1.53 × 10 21 keV·s·m −3. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] To date, JT-60 has the world record for the hottest ion temperature ever achieved (522 million °C); this record defeated the TFTR machine at Princeton in 1996.
[1] [page needed] In conjunction with the neutron flux, it enables the calculation of the reaction rate, for example to derive the thermal power of a nuclear power plant. The standard unit for measuring the cross section is the barn, which is equal to 10 −28 m 2 or 10 −24 cm 2. The larger the neutron cross section, the more likely a neutron ...
[3] [4]: 39 It is produced artificially in nuclear reactors. Deliberate industrial production depends on neutron activation of bulk samples of the monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59 Co. [5] Measurable quantities are also produced as a by-product of typical nuclear power plant operation and may be detected externally when leaks occur.
Nuclear cross sections are used in determining the nuclear reaction rate, and are governed by the reaction rate equation for a particular set of particles (usually viewed as a "beam and target" thought experiment where one particle or nucleus is the "target", which is typically at rest, and the other is treated as a "beam", which is a projectile with a given energy).
In a fission nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be used to generate plutonium-239, which itself can be used in a nuclear weapon or as a nuclear-reactor fuel supply. In a typical nuclear reactor, up to one-third of the generated power comes from the fission of 239 Pu, which is not supplied as a fuel to the reactor, but rather, produced from 238 U. [5] A certain amount of production of 239
A cobalt bomb is a type of "salted bomb": a nuclear weapon designed to produce enhanced amounts of radioactive fallout, intended to contaminate a large area with radioactive material, potentially for the purpose of radiological warfare, mutual assured destruction or as doomsday devices. There is no firm evidence that such a device has ever been ...
Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission, such as occurs in nuclear reactors, as well as high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion. A sample of gamma ray-emitting material that is used for irradiating or imaging is known as a gamma source.
A type Ia supernova explosion gives off 1– 2 × 10 44 joules of energy, which is about 2.4–4.8 hundred billion yottatons (24–48 octillion (2.4– 4.8 × 10 28) megatons) of TNT, equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion (10 12) times the mass of the planet Earth.