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  2. Secret ballot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_ballot

    The secret ballot, also known as the Australian ballot, [1] is a voting method in which a voter's identity in an election or a referendum is anonymous. This forestalls attempts to influence the voter by intimidation , blackmailing, and potential vote buying .

  3. Constitution of the Philippines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Constitution_of_the_Philippines

    The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas) is the supreme law of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987. The Constitution remains unamended to this day.

  4. Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional...

    The work of the convention was affected by the declaration of martial law in September 1972 by President Marcos. The military units assigned to implement the law were given a list of 400 individuals to arrest, consisting mostly of outspoken critics of Marcos' administration. This included a number of members of the Constitutional Convention. [2]

  5. Referendums in the Philippines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines

    The Americans granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946. Prior to that, Congress passed Commonwealth Act No. 733, the local version of the Bell Trade Act passed by the United States Congress, which include parity rights for both Filipino and American citizens to exploit Philippine natural resources. [6]

  6. Ferdinand Marcos - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos

    The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [178]: 213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the Ratification Cases. [179] [180]

  7. Voting methods in deliberative assemblies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_methods_in...

    Initially, each voter gave his vote orally to an official who made a note of it on an official tablet, but later in the Republic, the secret ballot was introduced, and the voter recorded his vote with a stylus on a wax-covered boxwood tablet, then dropped the completed ballot in the sitella or urna (voting urn), sometimes also called cista. [23]

  8. Election law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_law

    Election law is a branch of public law that relates to the democratic processes, election of representatives and office holders, and referendums, through the regulation of the electoral system, voting rights, ballot access, election management bodies, election campaign, the division of the territory into electoral zones, the procedures for the registration of voters and candidacies, its ...

  9. Electoral integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_integrity

    the use of a secret ballot process; genuine elections; elections that reflect the free expression of the will of the people. The 2002 Venice Commission’s Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters spells out in detail what is meant by principles such as the universal, equal, free, secret, and direct suffrage. [5]