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Fish toxins or fish stupefying plants have historically been used by many hunter gatherer cultures to stun fish, so they become easy to collect by hand. Some of these toxins paralyse fish, which can then be easily collected. [ 1 ]
It was discovered that euglonophycin, a euglenoid ichthyotoxin derived from Euglena sanguinea, displays anticancer activity. [4] By sharing a similar chemical structure to solenopsin, an angiogenic inhibitor and alkaloid toxin derived from fire ant venom, euglonophycin has been studied for potential application in natural products and drug development for cancer therapy. [5]
These are eaten by herbivorous fish which in turn are eaten by larger carnivorous fish. [2] The toxins become more concentrated as they move up the food chain. [3] The fish most often implicated include barracuda, grouper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, and sturgeon. [2] Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms together with having recently ...
It produces toxins that can cause trouble for marine life and people. ... They can kill fish, seabirds and other marine life, including large mammals like manatees and dolphins, at high ...
PSP toxins (of which saxitoxin is the most ubiquitous) are produced in eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). Within the freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives from saxitoxin produced by cyanobacteria.
HABs can contain toxins or pathogens which result in fish kill and can also be fatal to humans. [30] In marine environments, HABs are mostly caused by dinoflagellates, [31] though species of other algae taxa can also cause HABs (diatoms, flagellates, haptophytes and raphidophytes). [32]
The term fish kill, known also as fish die-off, refers to a localized mass die-off of fish populations which may also be associated with more generalized mortality of aquatic life. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The most common cause is reduced oxygen in the water, which in turn may be due to factors such as drought , harmful algal bloom , overpopulation , or a ...
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin.