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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease ) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor).
[1] Similar to von Graefe's sign, it is observed in people with Graves-Basedow disease, a type of hyperthyroidism. In this disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and the soft tissues surrounding the eyes. As a result, the eyes are often pushed forward in the eye sockets, a condition known as exophthalmos.
Stellwag's sign is a sign of infrequent or incomplete blinking associated with exophthalmos or Graves orbitopathy. It is accompanied by Dalrymple's sign, which is a retraction of the upper eyelids resulting in an apparent widening of the palpebral opening. Stellwag's sign is named after Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Stellwag von Carion.
Sub-clinical hyperthyroidism has been reported in 63% of euthyroid Graves' disease, [56] but only in 4% of cases where Graves' disease was in remission. [57] Subclinical hyperthyroidism has an 8% risk of converting to overt hyperthyroidism at 1 year, and a 26% risk at 5 years. [50]
Joffroy's sign is a clinical sign in which there is a lack of wrinkling of the forehead when a patient looks up with the head bent forwards. [1] It occurs in patients with exophthalmos in Graves disease .
Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter is a medical sign characterized by spasm of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle with retraction of the upper lid (so that sclera is visible above cornea) seen in Graves-Basedow disease which, together with exophthalmos causes the bulging eyes appearance. [1] It is named for Jean Marie Charles Abadie. [2] [3]
Exophthalmus was named for the first time by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823 (column 1140). [4] It belongs in the tribe Eustylini. [1] In revising the Jamaican species, Vaurie offers an overview to the genus and its taxonomic conflicts. [5] A preliminary phylogeny for Exophthalmus and its allies was presented by Franz. [6]
Optic gliomas are usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in 30% of people with the condition. [3] Optic nerve gliomas have low mortality but extremely high prevalence of vision loss and eye-bulging exophthalmos) in children. [4] As of 2014, approximately 1000 cases had been reported. [4]