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Mere silence is not fraud. a contracting party is not obliged to disclose each and everything to the other party. There are two exceptions where even mere silence may be fraud, one is where there is a duty to speak, then keeping silence is fraud. or when silence is in itself equivalent to speech, such silence is fraud. 4.
Salinas v. Texas (2013), a plurality opinion, held that mere silence during prearrest interrogations is inadequate to establish invocation of the right to remain silent, if the defendant has already chosen to speak. Specifically, if the defendant has elected to speak to police and then suddenly stops when confronted with inculpatory evidence ...
The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials. It is a legal right recognized, explicitly or by convention, in many of the world's legal systems.
There is no general duty of disclosure in English contract law, and one is normally not obliged to say anything. [19] Ordinary contracts do not require "good faith" as such, [20] and mere compliance with the law is sufficient. However in particular relationships silence may form the basis of an actionable misrepresentation: [21] [22]
Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370 (2010), is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that, unless and until a criminal suspect explicitly states that they are relying on their right to remain silent, their voluntary statements may be used in court and police may continue to question them.
The concept of right to silence is not specifically mentioned in the European Convention on Human Rights but the European Court of Human Rights has held that the right to remain silent under police questioning and the privilege against self-incrimination are generally recognised international standards which lie at the heart of the notion of a ...
A beverage company's secret recipe. An innovative manufacturing process. A social media platform's proprietary feed algorithm. A sales team's closely guarded customer list.
In the Nigerian Criminal Code, the same offence is covered by article 419, which has now lent its name to the advance fee fraud. [6] The title of two popular Hindi films – Chachi 420 (in English: Trickster Aunt, a 1997 remake of Mrs. Doubtfire) and Shri 420 (in English: Mr. 420, a 1955 film) – are direct references to Section 420 of the IPC.