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Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [ 1 ][ 2 ] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. [ 3 ][ 4 ] The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. [ 5 ]
The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). [2] The term " microbiota–gut–brain axis " highlights the role of gut microbiota in these biochemical signaling . [3][2] Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central ...
The microbiome can significantly affect the potency of a pharmaceutical drug. Even though most drugs are absorbed in the upper part of the large intestine, long-acting drugs that are exposed to the microbe-rich area of the lower intestine can be affected by microbial metabolism.
In line with this, the administration of HD5 can effectively alter the microbiome (especially by increasing Akkermansia muciniphila), and reverse the damage inflicted on the microbiome by excessive alcohol consumption. Dietary zinc deficiency on the other hand exacerbates the deleterious effect of alcohol on the bactericidal activity of Paneth ...
Gut microbiota of the fruit fly can affect the way its gut looks, by impacting epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. [41] When the moth Spodoptera exigua is infected with baculovirus immune-related genes are downregulated and the amount of its gut microbiota increases. [ 42 ]
Dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution. [ 1 ][ 2 ] For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal ...
As we age, changes in our immune system, diet, lifestyle, and gut function alter the gut microbiome. This leads to fewer different types of bacteria and changes in how they work, affecting our ...
Chronic alcohol consumption may alter the gut microbiome and promote the production of these pathogenic bacteria. [7] Many of these pathogenic bacteria also contain Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), extracellular motifs that are recognized by the immune system as foreign material, which may lead to an exaggerated inflammatory ...