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The source–message–channel–receiver model is a linear transmission model of communication. It is also referred to as the sender–message–channel–receiver model, the SMCR model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of Communication. It contains a detailed discussion of the four main ...
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
Additional classifications of communication models have been suggested. The term encoding-decoding model is used for any model that includes the phases of encoding and decoding in its description of communication. Such models stress that to send information, a code is necessary. A code is a sign system used to express ideas and interpret messages.
The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions. It is very important how a message will be encoded; it partially depends on the purpose of the message. [5] The decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the message. It is a process of interpretation and ...
The concept of fields of experience plays a central role in Schramm's model. [20] They are visualized in the diagram as colored circles and their overlap is necessary for effective communication. [13] Another innovation of Schramm's model is the role of fields of experience. [13] [11] [16] A field of experience is a mental frame of reference. [29]
Extended parallel process model. The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar Kim Witte that illustrates how individuals react to fear-inducing messages. [1] Witte subsequently published an initial test of the model in Communication Monographs.
The eight-circuit model of consciousness is a holistic model originally presented as psychological philosophy (abbreviated "psy-phi" [1]) by Timothy Leary in books including Neurologic (1973) and Exo-Psychology (1977), later expanded on by Robert Anton Wilson in his books Cosmic Trigger (1977) [2] and Prometheus Rising (1983), and by Antero Alli in his books Angel Tech (1985) and The Eight ...
Bioconcentration. In aquatic toxicology, bioconcentration is the accumulation of a water-borne chemical substance in an organism exposed to the water. [1][2] There are several ways in which to measure and assess bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. These include: octanol-water partition coefficients (K OW), bioconcentration factors (BCF ...